Argumentative Essay on Management

Argumentative Essay on Management Argumentative Essay on Management Example Argumentative Essay on Management: In the attempt to better the organizational performance, managers have opted to diversify their scope of managerial systems. Some of the main information systems currently used include the natural system, the open system and the rational systems. The rational system concentrates on the consequences and conditions of the organization’s production and general utilization of information. This managerial approach helps develop a detailed comprehension understanding of the manner in which information regarding accounting reflects and shapes organizational reality through the different methods of its application. The rational system is particularly different from the natural system because it attempts to include the introduction of a given information system both the events before and after capturing the dynamism of the characteristics. Researches done on information systems as used in organizations conclude that rational systems are static. They make an assumption that the all patterns of information applications are a response to the technical or environmental forces operating at that time. A dynamic approach incorporates the evolution of information systems as time goes by. Unlike the open system, the rational systems incorporate both past and present forces which could influence the implementation of a system. The natural approach of managing organization basically takes on board several theories in management. Unlike the other two, this type of approach towards management ensures that the employee values are the key drive in decision making. This concept of management is unique in a number of ways. One of them being that it does not equity human being to machines hence the need for the manager to develop policies that are more accommodative. It also establishes an optimum in the scope of control hence increasing employee motivation. Pay is not the only motivator of the employee hence the diversification of the remuneration package. Natural systems in management are one of the most commonly used forms of managerial and skilled employment approaches under the representative modes. Under this criterion the management’s function is conceptualized from a number of other system theories as the organizations strive to attain global recognition of its uniqueness in service delivery. Therefore, management is basically dependent on modeling the organization’s general identity. A natural system illustrates a parametrized managerial system that is structurally identifiable in case its production which corresponds to two variant parameter values is different from all inputs of a respective natural and dense subset of the overall composition of all admissible organizational inputs. In my opinion the most beneficial information systems are the natural systems. According to Flamholtz (1996), a natural system plays an extensive role in the saving of operational costs. The clarity and simplicity associated to its implementation and comprehension is a clear indicator of the efficiency of the managerial model. For instance, the employees are well motivated, self driven and work independently hence considerably reducing costs that could otherwise be used for supervisions. Similarly, through employee empowerment, the quality of service delivery by the organization is set to increase. In the long run, observing quality in service delivery in a great contribution to the organization’s reputation. Moreover, the manager benefits in popularizing the organization in terms of quality in performance. One of the most out right benefits is that of enabling the management to perform distinct information process processes necessary for the organization’s operations. These activities include evaluation, monitoring, control and prediction. At this point, the manager should appreciate that not all modeling systems are compatible to every other organization and hence the need to tailor such systems to adequately suit the subject organization. By extension the main determinant of the success of the manager is the ability to adapt, grow and survive in every aspect of managerial consideration. The management function is a direct product of the sound interaction of the organization’s environment and the management system in place (Endres Endres Chowdhury Alam, 2007). The manager benefits from this as the criteria as it offers a ground for effective communications with the employees. Of course there are diverse literature with regard to the managerial science and its respecti ve disciplines. They have different interpretations and definitions on the impacts of managerial systems depending on the organizational operations of different organizations. It will also direct its attention of the considerations of several sources of literature that concern the management function in a given organization. Another benefit of using the natural systems in management is that they help in modelling the organizational environment while at the same time responding to the key influence to the organisations (Gans, 1993). With respect to the human social organization, the natural managerial systems also address the issues of the consequential complexities. Here, the models are responsible for making the simplification of the managerial systems to ably adapt to the surrounding environments. Complexity in this dimension could mean the simplest composition of information that is necessary to comprehensively summarize an organizational process or status. For the concept of identifying structural complexity, this paper will sufficiently identify the benefits that a manager could achieve with the application of natural systems in the organization. In addition, it is clear that the more the system is integral, the higher the performance potential of the system adapting to the environmental determinant s of the organization (Foster Royce Doherty Meehan, 2009). Similarly, natural systems help in shaping the adaptive responses or the entire organization. This way, the manager is set to benefit from the structuring of the organizational behavior across all departments and transactions of the organization (Biilsberry, 1996). The definition of the organizational code of conduct and operation has a great role in the minimization of work place conflicts brought about by lack of clarity in organizational roles. Conflicts are generally a backward pull to the advancement of any organization because of the pollution of the work place environment it also leads to the devaluation of employee motivation. Natural systems of management greatly benefit the organization by increasing the performance of social and economic activities (Winston, 1988). This is achieved through clarity in definition of cultural evolution with reference to the potential capability of the managerial systems in place. The co-occurrence of formal and informal social networks that are inherent in organizations is another consideration. In any organization, sharing of tacit-to-tacit knowledge may be seen in some employee groups but not provocative in others. Therefore, some strong and informal social networks effectively facilitate the transfer of knowledge may embed in other formal structures and it is important to apply random methods of sampling to control organizational variables. Natural systems also tend to provide for a participatory approach towards decision making. There is a notable sense of self drive and self drive amongst the employees since they feel that they own the operational policies. In addition, the forums provided for by these systems go a long way in establishing all potential determinants that could influence the overall managerial system that is in place for any given organization (Kreitner, 2005). This way, the entire organization is involved in the process of decision making. This not only boost the motivation of the employees but also increases their productivity levels due to the fact that they feel they are part of the policy making panel in the organization. Participatory agent-based modeling, institution-based models, preference-based or rules of thumb decision models (experience), heuristic empirical rules, and calibration-based rules and evolutionary programming assumptions are example of natural systems decision making models tha t are empirical in nature and whose substantial efforts could be invested by a manager in organizational mechanisms and structuring of models of decision-making that are process-based to improve the performance of management function. Another benefit that can be tapped from the use of the natural systems is the generalization of individual information and knowledge through sharing of practices to the benefit of organization, and furthermore, to increase organization’s profitability. In addition, it is beneficial for the manager to possess the assumption that a knowledge management recommendation on information sharing is potentially positive and necessary (Karl Steven Drozdeck, 1991). Therefore, it is necessary for the manager to delineate between the constituent types of employees needed to employ efficient knowledge sharing strategies for maximum organization gain. In conclusion, this paper has examined all crucial influences that affect the operations of management in public sector organizations. Recently, most accounting systems have continually developed into being viewed as a technique of improving the overall efficiency and productivity of such sector organizations. Most critical-like management dynamics are composed of a curious mix that could be content or discontent, and it is for the same reason that they are constantly linked to the edge of organizational chaos (Ansari Eske, 1987). More precisely, this is a new role carried out by accounting systems in the organizations. Traditionally, accounting for information systems in the organizations was handled primarily for the purposes of fiduciary control. Whether those managerial systems could serve as an enhancement of efficiency in the organizations or not was not adequately addressed. Before management can be intensely and closely involved in the core functioning of the organizations, it is necessary to distinguish the specific results posed by the introduction of the natural managerial approach to the efficiency, cost and several other basic activities within the organizations based on the past. can write an argumentative essay on any Management topic. Our professional essay writers will help with writing your argumentative paper starting at $12/page.

Descriptive Magical Memories Essay Example

Descriptive Magical Memories Essay Example Descriptive Magical Memories Essay Descriptive Magical Memories Essay The dark before Christmas. the odor of warm homemade cocoa bit cookies baking for Santa filled the air. Our tree stood so tall and was covered with colourful bows and bright flashing visible radiations ; the aroma of fresh pine was merely godly. As the bright beautiful Sun began to put. I knew that it wouldn’t be excessively much longer before Christmas was eventually here. Bedtime came and so did the rain. but I snuggled in my warm cosy bed and listened to the cold rain beads round against my window and the blustery wind whistling outside. I was so sleepy that every oscitance made my eyes fill with cryings. but I was determined to wait up for Santa this twelvemonth. Peering through my window. the forenoon Sun began to lift. I jumped up retrieving my parents stating that I had been particularly good that twelvemonth. I ran and leaped on my parent’s bed and agitate them both so difficult. I was so dying to see what Santa had brought but it seemed like the clock had stopp ed and clip was standing still because we couldn’t acquire to the life room fast plenty. We eventually made it to the life room. the cocoa bit cookies and milk were gone. but the odor of java brewing was decidedly strong. I was certain that my eyes were lead oning me because attractively cloaked nowadayss seemed to be everyplace. I didn’t even know which one to open foremost. My pa was reclined in his favourite leather chair. sipping on steaming hot java from his favourite orange mug and my ma armed with her camera determined to acquire a image of my every smiling. and out of the blue the buzzer rings! For a disconnected second. all I could believe about was who could be sing us so early in the forenoon. I looked up at my ma as she told me to travel answer the door. She was seeking her best to conceal the smile on her face. I ran to the door filled with fright of non cognizing who it could be on the other side. I easy opened the door and peeked through the cleft and with great delectation. I saw the soothing sight of my grandparents’ faces. I was so aroused to see them that I merely ran into their weaponries. I could non wait for them to see everything that Santa had brought me! One by o ne. eventually every nowadays was unwrapped. I was one lucky small male child because Santa had brought me everything on my list. I crawled around delving through the wrapping paper and bows that had covered the full floor to do certain that I had opened all the gifts. I eventually cleared a way to the tree and when I looked up. there was a large ruddy envelope hanging on the tree. My name neatly written on the forepart. I opened it up and it was a card signed with love from my grandparents. As I slowly read it out loud. my eyes filled with cryings and I thought I certainly had to be woolgathering when it told me to look outside because there was a large Nice rented van sitting in our private road with everybody’s baggage already packed indoors. The new wave was merely waiting for all of our household to merely leap in because we were Disney World edge! The house one time tidy and orderly now was demolished with paper and bows. We all worked together and cleaned up the muss because we were all so aroused to travel rapidly up and travel. I was the first to leap in. armed with my favourite new gifts to mai ntain me entertained on this long route trip. I couldn’t stop smile and my cheeks began to ache. Through the curvey state roads and eventually to the interstate. I was certain that I would be able to remain wake up the full clip. I was glowering out the window looking at the leafless trees as we drove by. my eyes began to go heavy. but I was determined to non lose a individual memorable sight. We stopped several times to stretch our legs and to eat our tiffin but I was still so aroused that I still couldn’t take it all in. Armed with my new game system and the full back place to myself. someplace in Georgia my heavy eyes became excessively much for me to bare. It seemed like I was merely asleep for a few proceedingss when I heard everyone shouting that we are eventually at that place! The sky now dark but the metropolis was brighter than any Christmas tree that I’d of all time seen. We easy walked into the condo that was traveling to be ours for the following 10 yearss. The condo was filled with all elegant things. from soft satiny sheets to crystal pendants and I was merely seeking to take it all in. A small male child from such a little town. how was I traveling to happen my manner around? We unloaded our baggage and settled in for the dark. Bedtime was traveling to be earlier for us because we were all so exhausted from the long trip. The odor of Daddy’s java brewing woke me from my deep slumber. I jumped out of bed tidal bore to see what this charming twenty-four hours would convey. With our best walking places on. we made our manner to the entryway of Disney World. The palace was absolutely decorated with 1000s of motley visible radiations. As we walked throughout the park. I was squashing my Grandma’s frail manus so tightly out of joy and exhilaration non desiring to go forth her side. so we can see the minute together. I couldn’t acquire over the gift that she had given us. The exhilaration in her hazel eyes watching us see all the charming things at Disney for the first clip was all she truly wanted and that made her smile even brighter. She had ever dreamed about traveling to Disney World all of her life and she particularly wanted to see it with all of her household. Unbeknownst to us at the clip. Grandma knew her wellness was neglecting fast and that God was in demand of another angel and it wasn’t traveling to be excessively much longer before He needed her to come to her new celestial place to be with Him. She blessed us non merely with her presence. but gave us memories that we will care for for our full life. Disney World. a charming topographic point where dreams truly do come true.

How business work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

How business work - Assignment Example The key disadvantage is that it does not provide grants or financial loans to entrepreneurs. Moreover, once the business starts, SBDC does not help in day today business and one is more or less, left alone to cope with business and new challenges as one interacts with various stakeholders like customers, suppliers etc. Yes, one day I do envisage myself as a business owner working with SBDC and group of new students. SBDC provides students with huge opportunities of learning the intricacy of businesses and helps them to identify new opportunities and factors that impact business. SBDC encourages students and entrepreneurs to exploit personal competencies through innovative ideas and business plans that can be successfully implemented. It also helps expand the horizon of their experience by exposing them to different businesses and different working condition so that they become aware of the ways business is run. They learn how innovative measures can considerably increase productivity and grow. As such, their exposure to myriad business imperative encourages them to develop lateral thinking to identify new opportunities of growth. (words:

FMEA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

FMEA - Assignment Example It just happened as I predicted. A cold icy wind was whipping my fur while my heart was beating heavy like the â€Å"tum tum† drums of West Africa. My whiskers started to shiver like a twig in the middle of a storm, as snowflakes were sticking on my eyelashes. It was indeed cold like hell. The night snowstorm seemed to have fought the whole Wednesday night, causing several accidents that messed up traffic. Across the state, Highway Patrol troopers were seen in response to several crashes. Furthermore, as I sloped down the road, I witnessed casualties of the act of god. Two drivers were killed in the wee hours when their cars slid off snow-covered roads and struck trees. According to the running gossip around the scene, when I stopped to witness, the driver was killed when his car hit an embankment on before hitting a tree. In both cases, troopers concluded that the drivers had exceeded safe speeds for the slippery roadways. School buses were stuck in traffic the whole night until morning. Moreover, the streets were clogged as cars became trapped in gridlock because of the snow that ruled the highways. Indeed, it was a situation of life and death. In addition, I almost had an accident; my car was stuck at the bottom of a sloping corner. I decided to ditch my car after it spun out, trudged through the snow, and make it to school safely. Normally in 30 minutes, I could have driven to School; however it took me two hours, of which was a hilarious adventure. That snowstorm caught the populace off guard, including forecasters. The state Department of Transportation had been poised to spray brine on Triangle roads during the day Monday, in advance of snowfall that was not expected until the Tuesday night. However, the forecasts were all incorrect, and the snow came in a lot earlier at night. The snowstorm that occurred that night was indeed terrible. It reminds me of a story

Electronic Cigarettes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Electronic Cigarettes - Essay Example Federal and other state governments intend to ban sales of electronic cigarettes to minors and further propose approval for new products and inclusion of health warning labels as a way of taming the fast growing e-cigarette industry. Even though some state government have already imposed restrictions, there are other significant concerns such as whether the e-cigarette can make smokers quit smoking and the clarity of the side effects of the products as claimed by various public health group bodies, the Federal and State governments and the public (Popova & Ling, 2013). Electronic cigarette industry has thrived in the last few years and its success is based on many factors including the fact that it has successfully replaced the traditional cigarettes that is believed to be more harmful for consumption because of the high content of chemicals, odor, and tar. Increased growing body of knowledge and understanding about the use of electronic cigarettes have made members of Congress and p ublic health groups to raise concern over the products and even questioned the marketing tactics employed by the manufacturers (Levy et al., 2011). Main objectives of the regulations and bans are intended to boost public health via reduction of sales to minors, correcting consumer misconceptions, deterring deceptive health claims and further extend the authority of regulating cigars, hookah, nicotine gels, pipe tobacco, and dissolvable tobacco products. The proposed regulations are regarded as a critical step.

Overview of the Indus Qater Treaty

Overview of the Indus Qater Treaty CHAPTER V From time immemorial man has been emotionally attached to water. Water disputes have existed throughout the history of mankind and various mechanisms to deal with problems have been tried. So far no clear cut directions or conventions have emerged to deal with water disputes. Many organizations, including legal associations, have tried to lay down some principles. The best of these are the Helsinki Rules evolved by the International Law Association in 1966 at its 52 conference at Helsinki [1]. However at best the Helsinki Rules can serve as guidelines and in the case of the sub-continent the conditions are different because they deal with distribution of water for the purpose of irrigation which is not the case of Europe. The recent stresses and strains in the observance of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT)[2]have been alarming. India has signed several agreements with its neighbours for sharing of waters of the major rivers of the subcontinent. Currently four major treaties govern the di stribution of the waters of Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra. These are the Indus Water Treaty (1960) between India and Pakistan, Sankosh Multipurpose Project treaty (1993) between India and Bhutan, the Ganges Water Sharing Agreement (1996) between India and Bangladesh, and the Mahakali Treaty (1996) between India and Nepal. The reluctance in the observance of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT)[3] have had many analysts believe the relation between India and Pakistan will be governed to a large extend by issues of water sharing in the years to come. The Indus River System The northern and western part of the Indian subcontinent is irrigated by the Indus River and its system of upper tributaries. The Indus then travels a length of approximately 3000 kms through Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, POK, and Pakistan before entering the Arabian Sea. There are several distributaries that join the Indus River in its journey to the seas and the most important ones which are discussed in this chapter are Beas, Sutlej, Ravi, Chena band Jhelum rivers. The Indus Tributaries Sutlej: Sutlej is the longest of the many tributaries that join the Indus. The River Sutlej originates in Tibet and runs a course of approximately 1500 kms through the mountain ranges of Himachal Pradesh and enters Pakistan through the plains of Punjab. The Husseiniwala Headworks has been constructed downstream at the junction between of Beas and Sutlej, the closure of which on May 1, 1948 started the water crisis that encouraged the IWT. These Husseiniwals headworks supplied water to the State of Bikaner through Bikaner Canal and the state of Bahawalpurfrom the Depalpur Canal. The Bhakra Dam, which Nehru called the new temple of resurgent India,[4] is also situated on this river. Another important headwork on this Sutlej is Harike that water the Sirhind canal and Rajasthan canal. Chenab: This approximately 1000 km long river originates in Himachal Pradesh and is further augmented by Chandra and Bagha as it enters Jammu and Kashmir. After crossing the Pir Panjal range, it enters the Sialkot district in Pakistan near the town of Akhnoor. The Marala barrage has been built by Pakistan across the river in 1968 as part of its design to harness the water of the river under the provisions of the IWT. Jhelum Kishenganga (Neelum): The Kishenganga river originates in the mountains west of Dras and is further met by a number of tributaries and merges with the Jhelum River near Muzaffarabad in PoK. The Jhelum River originates in the foothills of the Pir Panjal Ranges near Verinag and then flows through the cities of Anantnag, Srinagar, Sopore and Baramulla. Some of its important tributaries are Lidar, Sindand Vishav. Ravi: This approximately 800 km long river rises in Himachal Pradesh and runs before joining Chenabin Pakistan after flowing past Lahore. The Thien Dam (Ranjit Sagar Dam) has been constructed on this river at the junction of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir States and feeds the Upper Bari Doab Canal. Beas: This approximately 500 km long river originates near Rohtang Passin Himachal Pradesh and flows through Kulu Valley and the Siwalik Range. The Pandoh Dam is located on this and diverts water to Sutlej through the Beas-Sutlej link. The Indus Water Treaty Even prior to 1947, as the irrigation from the Indus river systems covered a number of administrative units and water available was not always sufficient to meet the combined demands, disputes used to arise from time to time between these units for their share of water at different times of the year, and for the different projects contemplated by them[5]. The partition of India in 1947 was a complex problem and one which the then rulers of India did not solve satisfactorily. The problem was further complicated by the presence of several border princely states especially that of Jammu Kashmir as well as the river systems of Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra. The Indus river system presented a very complex problem because all the rivers originated either in Jammu and Kashmir or India but the irrigated the areas of Punjab that had been allocated to Pakistan also headworks that regulated the flow of waters of these rivers were allotted to India. Apart from the Punjab Boundary Commission pr oposition that the canal-headworks system be considered as a joint venture, a suggestion discarded by both countries, no deliberations were carried out on water sharing during the process of partition. Problems arising out of water sharing issues of Indus System would later take more than 10 years to resolve. Further complicating this issue, Pakistan covertly and later overtly tried to take control of Jammu Kashmir for many reasons including that of its perceived need to have the rivers of Jammu and Kashmir under its control which creating a feeling of animosity in the minds of the Indian politicians. Both India and Pakistan agreed to a Standstill Agreement on Dec 30, 1947thereby freezing the existing water systems at the two headworks of Madhopur (on theRavi) and Ferozepur (on the Sutlej) until March, 31, 1948[6]. Arbitral Tribunal (AT) was set up under Section Nine of the Indian Independence Act which was meant to resolve any dispute which the Punjab Partition Committee was unable to resolve. The East Punjab government decided to stop the flow of water to West Punjab on 01 April 1948 when the East Punjab government did not respond favorably to the idea of talks and therefore technically there was no agreement between these two government. Incidentally the term of the AT also finished on the same day. At the invitation of East Punjab, the representatives of the two divided-Punjab States met in Simla on15 Apr 1948and signed two Standstill Agreements[7]regarding the Depalpur Canal and Central Bari Doab Canal to be in effect until15 Oct 1948. However, the West Punjab Government refused to approve the Agreement and the PM of Pakistan, called for a meeting. The Finance Minister of Pakistan along with ministers from West Pakistan visited Delhito work out an agreement[8]in the Inter-Dominion Conference held on May 1948.Indiaagreed to release of water from the headworks, but made it obvious that Pakistan could not lay claim to these waters. Mr Eugene R. Black, the President of the World Bank visited India and Pakistan in 1951 and suggested that a team of Indian, Pakistani and World Bank engineers to solve the functional aspect of water sharing without getting involved in the political issues. The two countries accepted this mediation[9]. The World Bank also asked both the sides to give out their plan for the division of the water resources which both the countries did by Oct 53. While the plans of both the country were remarkably similar on the issue of availability of water it varied considerably on the critical issues of requirement[10]. In order to resolve the dispute, the World Bank finally proposed its own plan in Feb 1954 as India and Pakistan had failed to reach a consences. The plan offered the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum rivers to Pakistan whereas the three remaining rivers were offered to India. India accepted the proposal whereasP akistan gave only a qualified acceptance to the proposal. The plan suggested by the World Bank was far closer to the Indian proposal than that of the Pakistan one and in a way consolidated Indias position. Pakistan was not satisfied with this plan and even made a threat of withdrawing from the negotiations. Eventually the plan was not fully transformed into a settlement but provided provision for future negotiations which continued for the next six years.[11] [12]In the absence of a full agreement India and Pakistan signed an Interim Agreement in June 1955. As no definite agreement could be reached, the World Bank announced in Apr 1956 that the negotiation deadline has been indefinite ly extended.[13] Under the World Bank plan, Pakistan was to construct barrages and canals to divert the Western river waters so as to compensate the loss of Eastern rivers. The final treaty was signed by the head of states of the two country in the presence of the World Bank President on 19 Sep 1960. The treaty allocated the three Eastern Rivers to India and the three Western rivers largely to Pakistan. The IWT enunciated a mechanism to exchange regularly flow-data of rivers, canals and streams. A Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) was constituted, headed by two Commissioners, one from each country. The PIC is expected to meet at least once a year alternately in India and Pakistan and submit an annual report to their respective Governments before June, 30thevery year. The IWT has seen several issues that have rocked the very foundation of the treaty. No more issue was more publicized than the aftermath of the attacks on the Indian Parliament. There was also a widespread demand within India for withdrawal from the IWT after the attack on the Indian Parliament on December 13, 2001. Apart from this some of the contentious issues have been elaborated in the succeeding paragraphs. The Tulbul Navigation Lock/Wullar Barrage Issue In order to improve navigation in the Wullar Lake , India planned to construct a barrage on the entrance of the lake so as to raise the flow of water as also increase the depth to accommodate larger vessels. This would result in the increase of the storage capacity of the lake and therefore Pakistan objected to the supposedly consummative use of water. Pakistans objection[14] [15]stems from two issues, one India needs to get consensus of the design from Pakistan and two, it cannot store waters as per IWT on the Jhelum Main anything in excess of 0.01 MAF. Pakistan also feels that any storage of water on the Jhelum is a security risk as it would provide India with the capability to control the flow of water into Pakistan which could be used in an offensive nature. Indias argument[16]is that such a construction will not reduce the amount of water flowing to Pakistan and in fact it would also be beneficial to Pakistan by regulating water flow to Mangla Dam. When the agreement was reached in 1991, the only point of contention that remained was the timing of the filling up of the lake. The Salal Hydroelectric Project This was the first major dispute successfully resolved bilaterally under IWT. The project provides waters to Pakistan in a regulated manner but involves no diversion by India. However, Pakistan successfully objected to the construction of the six anti-siltation sluice gates which resulted in decreased power generation capacity. India also agreed to reduce the heights of the spillway gates from 40 feet to 30 feet. The Ranbir and Pratap Canals The Ranbir Canal, were built by the Dogra rulers of Jammu and Kashmir and were meant to water the areas of Miran Sahib, Vijaypur and Madhopur. Under the treaty, India is allowed to take out a fixed quantity of water for these channels. Many restrictions, such as quantum and dates of withdrawal have been imposed on India by the IWT. The Kishenganga Project[17] The project involves the construction of a 103 metre dam before the crosses the Line of Control (LoC) and a channel and a 27 Km long tunnel through the North Kashmirranges to transport the water to the Wullar lake where a hydroelectric power station will be built as part of an integrated project. Pakistan objects to the Kishenganga project as it suspected that it would have an adverse impact on its envisaged 969-MW Neelum-Jhelumpower plant. This project was initially planned for 1994-1997 but lies inactive because of lack of funds. The Indian Kishenganga project is expected to lead to a shortfall of 21% loss of water flow in Neelum resulting in a 9% reduction in power for the Pakistani project.[18] The Baglihar Project The dispute over the Baglihar is technically complex. Pakistan has raised six objections relating to project configuration : free board, spillway ( ungated or gated), firm power, pondage, level of intake, inspection during plugging of low level intake, and wheather the structure is meant to be a low weir or a dam[19].One set of objections relates to the dams storage capacity, a second to the power intake tunnels, and a third to the spillways. As for the dams storage capacity, Pakistani officials call attention to the treatys allowance of only run of the river dams. Such dams are by definition non-storage dams-in other words, power is generated from normal river flow, the tapping of running not dammed water. In practice, Pakistanis concede, some storage is essential (and is explicitly authorized by the treaty): there is, after all, considerable (especially seasonal) variation in the flow of rivers, a fact that necessitates installation of sufficient storage to enable stable, efficient operation of the hydroelectric plant on a regular, year round basis. Pakistani officials maintain that the Baglihar dams design supplies India with the means, on the one hand, to economically squeeze, starve or strangulate Pakistan, or, on the other hand, to flood Pakistan, conceivably for military purposes. They argue, moreover, that the Baglihar dam has huge precedent-setting importance: for Pakistan to compromise on Baglihar, they say, would set a precedent that India could invoke whenever it liked elsewhere on the Chenab or Jhelum rivers. Dr Raymond Lafitte of the Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne, Switzerland, was appointed by the World Bank and confirmed by India and Pakistan in May 2005 as the neutral arbitrator. Though Lafitte ruled favorably towards India on three of the four main criteria, both nations claimed victory[20].Each emphasized points of the ruling that favored their respective initial positions. Reasons for Success In spite of the various points of conflict in the IWT, the treaty can still be sited as an example of successful mediation by an international organization in dispute resolution. A unique mix of circumstances contributed to the success of the effort[21] :- The World Bank played the honest broker honestly and impartially. As both countries lacked financial resources to undertake projects independently the position of the World Bank became highly influential. The discussion was consciously restricted to engineering principles and facts and filtered out all political discourse from the issue. Despite the treatys success over the past decades, India and Pakistan have experienced numerous disputes over modifications to the flow of rivers. The increasing need to maintain a steady flow of water for survival and the recent rise in disagreement over aspects of the treaty raise the question of whether the treaty is still adequate[22]. Disagreements on construction of new reservoirs, declining ground water potential and the growing number of disputes with India[23] after a relatively uneventful period has complicated the situation for Pakistan and therefore arises the need to re-work the treaty. Indias Water Wealth, pp210. 6032. TheINDUSWATERS TREATY 1960 between THE GOVERNMENT OFINDIA, THE GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTANAND THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT. A River Story, Nandita Bhavnani,The Hindu,June 6, 2004 http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004060600580800.htmdate=2004/06/06/prd=mag Department of Irrigation, Govt. of Rajasthan, http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/4bhakhra.htm Indias Water Wealth, pp211. Ibid, pp211. Water Rationality: Mediating the Indus Waters Treaty,Undala Z. Alam, University ofDurham http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/related_research/Alam1998.pdf Inter-Dominion Agreement, between the GoI and GoP on the Canal Water Dispute between East and WestPunjab. Water Rationality: Mediating the Indus Waters Treaty,Undala Z. Alam, University ofDurham http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/related_research/Alam1998.pdf IndusWater Treaty: Case Study, Transboundary Fresh Water Dispute Database http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/ TheIndusWaters Treaty: A History by TheHenryL.StimsonCenter Fostering Riparian Cooperation in International River Basins, Syed Kirmani, Guy Le Moigne World Bank Technical Paper # 335, January 1997 World Bank Historical Chronology 1950-1959 Water Disputes inSouth Asia, Farzana Noshab, Nadia Mushtaq,Strategic Studies, Summer 2001, No.3, Vol. XXI, the Institute of Strategic Studies,Islamabad InternationalRiverWaters inSouth Asia: Source of Conflict or Cooperation? http://irs.org.pk/spotlight.htm#VIII Delhi Round of Indo-Pak Talks-II Tulbul Navigation Project/Wular Barrage, Mallika Joseph http://www.ipcs.org/newKashmirLevel2.jsp?action=showViewkValue=466subCatID=nullmod=null 330-MW Kishenganga Project gets Technical Clearance,Iftikhar Gilani,KashmirTimes http://kasmirtimes.com/archive/0406/040619/news2.htm Ibid Two Neighbours and aTreaty: Bagliar Project in Hot Waters by Rajesh Sinha, Water Conflicts in India ,pp394. Resource Disputes in South Asis: Water Scarcity and the Potential for Interstate Conflicts, Emma Condon, Office of South Asia Analysis , US CIA, pp 6. The Role of Independent Third Party Arbitration in Cross Border Water Disputes by Nishesh Mehat. The China-India-Pakistan Water Crisis : Prospect for Interstate Conflict, James F Brennan. The Indus Water Treaty , Subrahmanyam Sridhar.

STD PREVENTION Essay -- essays research papers

Abstinence And STD Prevention Today’s world is full of worries and problems which did not affect teens a generation ago. New problems keep appearing in today’s world, such as STDs, increased pregnancy rates, and other factors facing teens who choose to have sex. Emotionally and physically teens and getting less developed before having sex and are not prepared for the serious problems which come along with their decision to have sex. No longer is it a matter which will just go away if we ignore it, but teen health and the health of our society depend on choices which today’s teens make regarding sex. With so many diseases and problems facing today’s world, abstinence is the only way to protect ourselves. Abstinence is a safe choice in preventing the possibility of pregnancy. One-tenth of young women between the ages of 15 and 19 get pregnant every year, 83 percent of these pregnancies are unwanted or unplanned. Half of the unmarried teens who get pregnant do so within six months of their first sexual experience. In fact, between 1986 and 1990, teen childbearing increased by 16 percent. What’s worse, pregnant teenagers often don’t see a doctor until the time of delivery. Another serious problem surrounding teen sexual intercourse is the probability of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Each year, three million teens are infected with STDs. Among 14- to 20-year-olds, chlamydia is the most common. It has no obvious symptoms, and can cause infertility i...

Legal and regulatory environment

The basic principle in taxation is that the income is always taxed at the situs of taxation.   This means that income is usually taxed at the source of the income.   Every time income, as in this case, is earned in a France and in Austria then the taxing authority of that area has the right to collect tax on that realized income.   It must be important to remember that the right to tax the income realized is only for the actual realized income.   It is fundamental in taxation that income that has not been realized such as stock dividends or bonds without yield do not fall under income for purposes of taxation. Another important principle is that foreigners are also liable for taxes under the local taxing authority under where they earn their income.   It does not basically follow that just because a person, in this case Frida, is a foreign national that she owes taxes to her country of citizenship.   While she does owe her country of citizenship a certain percentage of taxes, she is only liable for the income that was earned exclusively within the taxing jurisdiction of that country save in cases where she remits the income back to her country and such is subject to another tax but not based on income tax. In this scenario, Frida is liable to pay taxes to her country, Chile, to her place of business, the United States, to the country where her chateau is located, France and if her bonds earn any returns, Australia.   The reason for this, as explained earlier, is that Frida is liable to the countries where she earned her income.   Since she is a citizen of Chile, she owes Chile any taxes on any income that she has earned in Chile.   She is liable to the United States for any income that she may have earned there from her realized income from her Savings and Drug Corporation.   Her liability in France is based on her income from the chateau that she owns there.   Finally, in the event that the bonds which she owns in Australia offer any return or interest yield, she has to pay the proportional amount of taxes to the local taxing authority there. The countries will only be able to tax Frida on the basis of the actual income that was realized within their jurisdiction.   It is a fundamental principle of taxation that only income actually realized can be the basis of taxation.   In this case, France can tax the rental income generated from the chateau because it constitutes realized income.   Any other income that is generated by Savings and Drug Corporation is taxed in the local taxing authority where the income is generated.   It must be remembered also that Frida is not necessarily liable to any of these countries wherein the Savings and Drug Corporation earns income because the corporation is a separate juridical entity that is taxed separately from the individual.   She is only liable for the income which she personally received from the company.   This is usually at the head office of the corporation. As previously mentioned, it is a principle in international private law that the local taxing authority has the right to tax any income that is generated within its jurisdiction.   By doing any sort of commercial or business transaction in a foreign jurisdiction that earns income, an entity is supposed to pay the proportional amount of taxes to the local authority.   This is under the principle that a benefit was gained from the business in that country to which the local taxing authority has a right to exact taxes from. Finally, in the case of double taxation treaties, the taxes that have already been collected on income generated abroad is generally not taxed again by the home country.   In case the double taxation treaty provides that income once taxed in a foreign jurisdiction is no longer subject to local taxes then the income that Frida earned in the United States and France can no longer be taxed in Chile or in certain cases be reduced according to a certain table. References: Hoffman, Phillipe and Kathryn Norberg (1994), Fiscal Crises, Liberty, and Representative Government, 1450-1789, p. 238. Zelizer, Julian E. Taxing America: Wilbur D. Mills, Congress, and the State, 1945–1975. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Dick Netzer, Economics of the Property Tax (1966); J. F. Due, Government Finance (4th ed. 1968); C. S. Shoup, Public Finance (1969); H. M. Groves, Financing Government (7th ed. 1973); C. Webber and A. Wildavsky, A History of Taxation and Expenditure in the Western World (1987).

A research paper on the 3 largest minority groups in the U.S Essay

The top three largest minorities in the United States are the Hispanic Americans, African Americans, and Asian Americans. The United States 2000 census indicated the total population as 281. 4 million where the 3 minorities represent approximately 30. 1 percent of the population. The purchasing power for the 3 major minority groups in very important n marketing and is provided in this study (Sfm 2008). African Americans African Americans are the second largest group of minorities and heavily contribute in the national politics, social welfares as well as economy. The population has increased in number within the various government and states welfares. This helps the group to advance financially according to the joint center for economic studies survey (Dana 2007). The total population of African American consumers is approximately 36. 4 million which relates to approximately 12. 9 percent of the total population in the country. As a result, targeting these consumers and studying their growth impacts on the multiplication of wealth and properties in the country. A landmark survey conducted in 2008 illustrates increased growth especially in the â€Å"mortgage originations, medium household income, and small businesses entrepreneurs and obtaining of degrees in higher education levels† (Sfm 2008). According to census bureau, African Americans have the second highest purchasing power in the minorities with turn over of $532 billion which translates to 73 percent growth as compared to 1990. In the education sector, the number of degrees offered in higher education is hitting three times as much as that of general market. African Americans have made use of the mortgage system to own house hold houses and around 50% of the household resides in their own homes (Sfm 2008). On entrepreneurship and ownership of small and medium businesses, the rate of expansion is five times as much as white Americans where revenues according to a business study conducted has experienced a 60 percent growth. The average age for African Americans is 30 and around 15 percent earns a household income of more than $50,000. The average house hold income in 2008 was $34,000 (Dana 2007). Availability of income influences the purchasing power of an individual. A study conducted in 2007 indicate that around 300, 000 African American house holds has a house hold income of above $100,000. This indicates that approximately 1 in every 6 households in the group earns this income (Dana 2007). For the medium households, the group is experiencing 60 percent growth in comparison to the whites’ households. This has helped in offering various opportunities for this minority group with a â€Å"mean portfolio size of $115, 000 for each house hold and approximately $57, 500,000 dollars of investment at hand† (Sfm 2008). With the use of statistics for projection, the investment dollars is expected to multiply to $83,375, 000 in duration of five years and attain a mean of $115,920,000 after a decade (MacInnis 2009). African Americans according to the United States population census represent 12. 1 percent of national citizens. This composes of the of all those who have been born in the country and have resided with their families for more than 300 years as well as those who have immigrated from Africa in the recent past. African Americans represent people from the black race (MacInnis 2009). On the regional demographics, African Americans are not clustered in limited areas with respect to other minorities. However, the group is the main driver for the markets in most of the cities in the United States. Report from the United States census Bureau indicates that â€Å"76 percent of the total population in Detroit, 65 percent in Washington and approximately 62 percent in New Orleans† are African Americans (Sfm 2008). Their population is also evident in various other states including â€Å"New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Houston, Baltimore and Memphis. † For the universities in these states, approximately 78 percent of the students are African American (MacInnis 2009). Extensive migration for the African Americans is being experienced mostly to the south. Various states including Atlanta are experiencing massive economic expansion through the group activities. There are also increased employment opportunities mainly in â€Å"Houston, Dallas, Raleigh-Durham and other states from the south† which are attracting the African Americans into the region. The region has also cheap real estate, moderate weather and easily affordable way of live (MacInnis 2009). Successive marketing in the African American society requires clear understanding of their culture. The group according to a survey is discerning shoppers and is very careful on quality and satisfaction. They are loyal customers and remain in the brands they use thus a good relationship is required. Appearance in advertisement is very appreciative for the group in the utilization of their talents (MacInnis 2009). The internet is another media form that is widely used by the African Americans through the on line commerce. In investment, the group mainly engages in real estates business and banking sector as opposed to the bonds and stocks which is popular among the whites (Sfm 2008). Hispanic Americans The Hispanic population in the United States the largest minority group and is increasingly growing and thus affecting various sectors. This might be from political to business view. The population for the Hispanics is currently approximately 35. 3 million, approximately 13% of total population according to census department which translates to a percentage growth of 38 percent in comparison to overall population growth of 9 percent (Dana 2007). The population is projected to reach a high of 96 million by 2050 where they will take a quarter of the total population. Among the Hispanics, approximately 2 million people earn more than $75,000 in every year. The average house hold income in 2008 was $40,800 (Sfm 2008). The population has a huge transactional power of approximately $428 billion. This is expected to reach $600 billion in five years. The Hispanics household income is significant and their mean number of people in every household is 3. 6. This also gives an average age of 26. As a result, there is need to understand the group’s culture for effective marketing (Dana 2007). Majority of the Hispanics originate outside countries. The dominating countries of origin are â€Å"Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rica, the Dominican republic and various countries in south/central America† (Sfm 2008). The group heavily embarks on their family with much priority hoping to offer the best. Respect of culture with marking of various events is also common with the group. The population like watching sports over the television with professional boxing followed by base ball being the favorite according to a study by MDI (Dana 2007). The United States census bureau indicates that majority Hispanics, approximately 80 percent reside mainly in five states. However, around 59 percent reside in ten states including â€Å"Los Angeles, New York, Miami, San Francisco, Chicago, Houston, San Antonio, McAllen, Dallas, Worth and San Diego† (Sfm 2008). For effective marketing in the group, products relevant to their culture provide a consolidated base and increased number of customers. Products that would address family matters and its importance are also marketable in the Hispanics (Dana 2007). Language is very important for the Hispanics and they prefer the use of mother language thus advertising of products should be done with Spanish speaking media rather than English speaking media (MacInnis 2009). Creation of friendship and one to one contact with the customers is required due to relationship orientation by the group (Dana 2007). This would also call for recruitment of Hispanic personnel. Considering that around 30 percent of Hispanic population is below 18 years of age customization of vehicles is advisable. In the universities, approximately 21 percent of undergraduate students are Hispanic (Sfm 2008). Asian Americans Asians represents various nationalities including â€Å"Japanese, Chinese, Koreans, and Asian Indians. † In the United States, Asian Americans total to 11. 9 million which represents 4. 2 percent of the total population. This is projected to get to 35 million by 2050. The Asian Americans have a high purchasing power of approximately $300 billion annually (Louis 2010). Asian Americans have a mean age of 33 years where more than half of population aged 25 and above are married. The population strongly values their family. The Asians have a multi generational type of house holds with mean of 3. 8 per household (Sfm 2008). Majority speaks their mother language and educate their students on language schools mainly Chinese. Majority of the Asians are entrepreneurs with long working hours with reduced leisure shopping. They are ranked as the lowest group in leisure related activities. Due to their increased hard work, they are the highest income earners in the United States. The average household income for the Asians is was $66,900 in 2008 (Louis 2010). In the education sector, Asians household have the highest education level with comparison to the various other groups. It was reported that 38 percent of the Asians Americans have a degree certificate (Sfm 2008). Effective marketing in the Asian American population require intensive knowledge as well as preparation in addition to staffing from the group. In the advertising a number of agencies have already been established that specializes in the Asian American markets. Ethnic group members play the advertising procedure thus one requires understanding of community as well as language for excellence. The strong language preference has led to the growth of Asian media in the United States with increased Asian language television, radio, newspapers, and magazine (Sfm 2008). Asians reside in a few states and this provides n easier communication program for the population. Among the key states where Asian American resides include â€Å"California, New York, and Texas† (Louis 2010). They also reside in Los Angeles and San Francisco but in reduced numbers. Filipinos are more so concentrated in Los Angeles whereas the Chinese are in New York City. For the case of San Francisco, the two are concentrated. The Asian population is also expanding in â€Å"Washington, Seattle, Houston and Dallas. This is as a result of technological expansion and other investment gains (Louis 2010). References Dana, L. P. (2007). Handbook of research on ethnic minority entrepreneurship: a co- evolutionary. Massachusetts. Edward Elgar Publishers Louis E. Boone, David L. Kurtz. (2010). Contemporary Business 2010 Update. New York. John Wiley & Sons MacInnis, D. J. , Park, C. W. , & Priester, J. W. (2009). Handbook of brand relationships. New York. M. E Sharpe publishers. Sfm. 2008. Article accessed from http://www. sifma. org/services/hrdiversity/pdf/African. pdf

Laughter as Therapy Essay Example

Laughter as Therapy Essay Example Laughter as Therapy Paper Laughter as Therapy Paper Laughter As Therapy Naturally, we as a people dislike feeling bad and like feeling good. Two examples of common things that make us feel bad are sickness and sadness. Common remedies for those things are medicine and humor. Though medicine and humor seem different at first glance, they share very important commonalities; they make us feel good and are key influences on a culture. This connection between health and humor has intrigued scientists for years. Recently, scientists have begun seriously investigating the relationship between the two. More specifically, if laughter is capable of contributing to the field of medicine. Many scientists have reason to believe that laughter could have a significant effect as a therapeutic medicine, whether it be through the physical act of laughing, or through the effects of changing hormone levels. Therefore, the goal of this essay is to educate the readers on the development and experimentation of laughter used as therapeutic medicine in the past, present, and fut ure. Laughter is an age-old, natural human reaction to humor that elicits a feeling comparable with euphoria. For 2,000 years, people have been baffled by why laughter causes humans to feel so good. (Gorman, 2011) In fact, the benefits of humor and laughter are even recognized in Proverbs 17:22 of the Bible, â€Å"A cheerful heart does good like a medicine: but a broken spirit makes one sick.† (The Nurse’s Handbook of Complementary Therapies, 2001) Some cultures, such as the Mayans, have practiced humor in medicine for thousands of years. Specifically, the Mayan healer, Don Elijio Panti, whom lived until he was 103, was described as much of a clown as a doctor. Panti believed that a happy patient was a healthy patient. Without a positive attitude, the patient was less likely to recover from their sickness. He utilized humor techniques, such as making jokes, teasing, and telling stories with dancing and other body movements, to lighten the mood of his patients. Panti once sai d, â€Å"A persons spirit needs to be uplifted as much as the body needs to be healed. And without an uplifted spirit I dont think there is enough energy within the body or enough vital force for a person to properly and completely experience healing.† (Balick Lee, 2003) Many considerable strides have been made since the time of the Mayans. Today, scientists have reason to believe that laughter could be therapeutically beneficial in ways such as a relief from pain and stress, an improvement in immunity, and a useful tool for nurses in treating patients. (Nurse’s Handbook of Complementary Therapies, 2001) I will analyze these claims in the following three paragraphs. On September 13th, 2011, the New York Times published an article entitled â€Å"Scientists Hint at Why Laughter Feels So Good† by James Gorman that contained results of a pivotal experiment in the field of laughter studies conducted by Robin Dunbar, an evolutionary psychologist at Oxford University, and his colleagues. Dunbar and Co. conducted five studies in the laboratory by testing subjects’ pain tolerance after fits of laughter. Dunbar had his subjects watch â€Å"excerpts of comedy videos and neutral videos, or videos meant to promote good feeling but not laughter.† The comedy videos included excerpts from the popular television shows, â€Å"The Simpsons,† â€Å"Friends† and â€Å"South Park†. Neutral videos included a documentary on pet training and a program on golf. The videos meant to elicit good feelings, but not laughter, included excerpts from television shows about nature such as â€Å"Planet Earth† and â€Å"Jungles.â₠¬  They inflicted pain in their subjects via a blood pressure cuff, a freezing wine sleeve across the fore arm, or a demanding ski exercise. Participants were tested before and after watching a series of the aforementioned videos. When suffering the various inflicted pains subjects were instructed to indicate when the pain became unbearable. All events that occurred during these experiments were recorded. The results of the experiments by Dunbar and his colleagues showed that laughter increased pain tolerance, while ‘good feeling’ videos did not. These results confirm that laughter is a relief from pain. Though much more conclusive evidence is needed, one can speculate that laughter may be a door way into a new realm of pain medication. Lee Berk, a PhD and scientist of the 1980s, was interested physiological effects caused by fits of laughter. In his most famous study, Berk simply instructed ten healthy individuals to watch a 60-minute humorous video while he tracked their hormone levels. The control group did not watch a video of humorous nature. Surprisingly, he found that laughter significantly reduced the levels of three critical stress hormones. Cortisol (steroid hormone produce by the adrenal gland), epinephrine (also known as adrenaline), and dopac (metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine) decreased by 30, 70, and 38%, respectively. (Balick Lee, 2003) There was not a reduction in levels of stress hormones in the control group. Knowing that stress levels usually have an influence in an individuals immunity, Berk furthered his studies in psychoneuroimmunology by replicating his experiment and focusing on change in hormone levels associated with immunity. He and his associates found that laughter caused a significant increase in two hormones; beta-endorphins (chemicals which improve mood) by 27% and human growth hormone (chemical that helps optimize immunity) by 87%. (Balick Lee, 2003) There was not an increase observed in th e control group. His findings support the claim that laughter can reverse the negative effects of stress and cause an improvement in ones immune system. Though it may not be considered â€Å"therapeutic† by exact definition, humor is a technique constantly used by many nurses today for many purposes. Typically, nurses will use humor to ease the strange, anxious feeling patients sometimes experience in hospitals, to develop a therapeutic relationship between nurse and patient, and to positively influence hopefulness. (The Nurse’s Handbook of Complementary Therapies) For example, I have an aunt named Joan who is a nurse at Children’s Hospital in Chicago and, much like the Mayan healer Don Elijio Panti, uses humor as a tool when meeting her young patients for the first time. â€Å"Usually, they (patients) are very shy to start but once I introduce myself in a positive, humorous manner, I begin to gain their trust. A patient’s trust is imperative to a successful treatment by a nurse. By displaying a positive attitude, I instill the same positive, hopeful attitude in my patients†, says Joan. Some nurses have even gone so far as to allow clowns to aid them in their treatment of patients. Patients at the Babies and Childrens Hospital at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (CPMC) in New York were lucky enough to be subjects of three studies that were funded by The Richard and Ilinda Rosenthal Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine at The Columbia  College of Physicians and Surgeons to learn about the effects of ‘clowning around’ with pediatric cancer and heart patients. Specially trained clowns, deemed the Clown Care Unit (CCU), were hired to aid researchers in their investigation of â€Å"the effect of clowns on decreasing physiological and psychological indicators of distress in children and adolescents undergoing cardiac catheterization†. (Balick Lee, 2003) Results showed decreases in observed child distress, child self-reported distress, and parent-rated distress when the clowns were present for the cardiac catheterization. As for the doctors performing the cardiac catheterization, they found the procedure significantly easier to perform when the clowns were present. In summary, nurses and doctors alike use humor on a daily basis to instill a feeling of hopefulness and to improve relations with their patients. The future of laughter therapy seems promising based on the history of the development of the science. After the connection between humor and health was realized thousands of years ago society has been making significant strides in the forward direction which will hopefully lead to a proven and regulated therapy for individuals who are ill, undergoing treatment, or recovering from a treatment. In order to accomplish an effective laughter therapy, doctors would need to administer a form of medication that contained the same chemicals released during laughter or recommend their patients to therapist that specialized in laughter therapy. In other words, laughter therapy could come in the natural form of humor via another human or artificially via a medication. The possibilities are endless. In conclusion, in the present scientific community there has been studies that yielded concrete results that support that laughter can improve health in the short term. Robert Dunbar and his colleagues proved that laughter can reduce sensitivity to pain in their tests using various techniques of inflicting pain in their subjects while they were instructed to watch comedic television shows. By relieving that stress, individuals will feel healthier in general. Finally, there has been record of doctors practicing laughter therapy as treatment for long-term ailments, specifically Mayan healer Don Elijio Panti. (describe article in more detail) In conclusion,  there is scientific evidence to support laughter improving short-term health by relieving stress in the individual. However, despite the fact that many ancient cultures practice laughter therapy for long term ailments, there is very little concrete scientific evidence that laughter could heal an individual that has been diagnosed with serious disease or condition. At most, laughter therapy can act as an aid to the individual to cope with a difficult healing and/or treatment processes [There is no word to explain the feeling after a gut-busting laugh. It is a natural high to say the least. Some scientists, like Robin Dunbar an evolutionary psychologist at Oxford University, believe that it is the physical act of laughing that produces the pleasurable feeling. Others, like Lee Berk, PhD and a pioneer in laughter studies, believe the answer lies our hormones. (add information on book source)] The article, written by Micheal J. Balick and Roberta Lee and published in the scholarly journal entitled Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, discusses the role of laughter in traditional practice and its pertinence in the current medical field. Balick and Lee incorporate and analyze a series of essays regarding lessons and observations of humor in the medical community. an aid in recovery from surgery, a cure for melancholy, physical exercise, to restore equilibrium, to use in treatment of the sick, to help digestion, and to stimulate the internal organs. News Article:nytimes.com/2011/09/14/science/14laughter.html?_r=1src=meref=science Scholarly Journal: Healing with HA! http://search.proquest.com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/docview/204826776/131EA152F382DD5362B/2?accountid=12598 Book:The Nurse’s Handbook of Complementary Therapies

Sustainable Development For Iraqi Oil And Gas Resources In the Light Dissertation

Sustainable Development For Iraqi Oil And Gas Resources In the Light of International Law - Dissertation Example 1.2. Background of the study Overview of the current situation in the Iraqi oil and gas industry From 1975 to 2003 the Iraq’s oil and gas industry has been entirely state-operated. Blanchard (2009) points out that during this time the infrastructure â€Å"suffered from the negative effects of war, international sanctions, a lack of investment and technology, and, in some cases, mismanagement† (p.1). After the collapse of Saddam’s Regime in 2003, new Iraqi government started to put plans to develop oil and gas industry as the sector critical for the national economy. The Iraqi Constitution states that oil and gas are exclusively owned by the Iraqi people in all regions, implying that the management of these resources is a federal responsibility. Nevertheless, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) has opposed these and other related statements, interpreting the Federal Oil and Gas Law so that to pursue its own Regional Oil and Gas Law and policies (Al-adhadh 2008 : p.7). KRG claims: â€Å"Under the country’s constitution, oil and gas management is primarily a Regional right, and the main features of this Law are in line with Iraq’s draft oil law. †¦The Law not only affords the Kurdistan Region a clear and transparent legal structure for negotiations with investors; but it also benefits the rest of Iraq as, consistent with the constitution, the law requires the Kurdistan Region to share revenues from oil and gas development with the Federal Government in Baghdad† (Strategic Media n.d.: p.8). Such disagreement between national and regional interpretations of the Iraqi Oil and Gas Law entailed the current situation when, in spite of lengthy debates of economists and... This paper stresses that the need of new legal and policy guidelines for the sustainable development of the country’s petroleum resources is widely recognised among Iraqis, due to ongoing political debates the effective solution has not been found so far. The main reason is significant differences in the understanding of â€Å"the proper role and powers of federal and regional authorities in regulating oil and gas development; the terms and extent of potential foreign participation in the oil and gas sectors; and proposed formulas and mechanisms for equitably sharing oil and gas revenue†. Such differences are especially apparent in disagreements between the Iraq’s national government and the Kurdistan Regional Government. This study intends to answer a number of important questions, critical for the national economics of Iraq in terms of creating conditions for the effective management of Iraqi oil and gas industry in accordance to modern international policies of sustainable development. This report makes a conclusion that it is necessary to keep in mind that, in spite of economic growth is considered to be a powerful means of improvement of human well-being, economic development must be within the limits of what is ecologically sustainable. This is important because environment not only provides the resources for economic activity, but also ensures ecological conditions for life of humans. So, ecology is of the same great importance as economy. This study is focused on the unique current conditions in the Iraqi oil and gas industry and on the prospects for sustainable development in the production and end use of oil and gas in Iraq, with particular reference to Kurdistan region.

Finance - Fixed Income Securities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance - Fixed Income Securities - Essay Example The market participants usually consider the risk free investments such as government treasuries as well as other securities as bench mark to measure and compare the term structure of the different fixed income securities. Depending upon the nature of the relationship, different shapes of the term structure can be obtained in order to analyze how the interest rates are behaving against their maturities and how the market may respond to the future changes. Though above description may seem easy to follow however, determining the term structure exactly or with relative accuracy is really difficult. Different models have been developed to understand the term structure in better way and as such efforts by Vasicek and Cox- Ingersoll-Ross seem to be two of the most important theoretical advances ever made in this direction. This paper is divided into two parts, in first part, a detailed description of the Term Structure models of Vasicek and Cox- Ingersoll-Ross will be discussed along with their benefits whereas in second part of this essay, an analysis will be provided as to whether both the models can empirically be supported or not and which model is more suitable for empirical testing. Vasicke’s model is one of the earliest term structure models and is probably the first serious effort towards studying the term structure models from an academic point of view. Vasicke’s model is based on two basic assumptions while dealing with the term structure of the interest rates. First, it assumes that the whole term structure depends upon the given interest rates for a very short period of time. This interest rate is considered as the spot rate and as such the spot rates are considered as mean reversing in nature.(Beninniga & Czaczkes,2000). One of the most important characteristics of the Vasicke’s model is the fact that it is a one factor model and is a